Abstract

Improper use of the Java Native Interface (JNI) can render Java applications vulnerable to security flaws in other languages.

Description

Unsafe JNI errors occur when a Java application uses JNI to call code written in another programming language.

Examples

The following Java code defines a class named Echo. The class declares one native method (defined below), which uses C to echo commands entered on the console back to the user.

	class Echo {
		public native void runEcho();
		
		static {
			System.loadLibrary("echo");
		}
		
		public static void main(String[] args) {
			new Echo().runEcho();
		}
	}

The following C code defines the native method implemented in the Echo class:

	#include <jni.h>
	#include "Echo.h"//the java class above compiled with javah
	#include <stdio.h>
	
	JNIEXPORT void JNICALL 
	Java_Echo_runEcho(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj) 
	{
		char buf[64]; 
		gets(buf);
		printf(buf);
	}

Because the example is implemented in Java, it may appear that it is immune to memory issues like buffer overflow vulnerabilities. Although Java does do a good job of making memory operations safe, this protection does not extend to vulnerabilities occurring in source code written in other languages that are accessed using the Java Native Interface. Despite the memory protections offered in Java, the C code in this example is vulnerable to a buffer overflow because it makes use of gets(), which does not perform any bounds checking on its input.

The Sun Java(TM) Tutorial provides the following description of JNI [2]:

The JNI framework lets your native method utilize Java objects in the same way that Java code
uses these objects. A native method can create Java objects, including arrays and strings, and
then inspect and use these objects to perform its tasks. A native method can also inspect and 
use objects created by Java application code. A native method can even update Java objects that 
it created or that were passed to it, and these updated objects are available to the Java 
application. Thus, both the native language side and the Java side of an application can 
create, update, and access Java objects and then share these objects between them.

The vulnerability in the example above could easily be detected through a source code audit of the native method implementation. This may not be practical or possible depending on the availability of the C source code and the way the project is built, but in many cases it may suffice. However, the ability to share objects between Java and native methods expands the potential risk to much more insidious cases where improper data handling in Java may lead to unexpected vulnerabilities in native code or unsafe operations in native code corrupt data structures in Java.

Vulnerabilities in native code accessed through a Java application are typically exploited in the same manner as they are in applications written in the native language. The only challenge to such an attack is for the attacker to identify that the Java application uses native code to perform certain operations. This can be accomplished in a variety of ways, including identifying specific behaviors that are often implemented with native code or by exploiting a system information leak in the Java application that exposes its use of JNI [2].